Judaism of Fire & Judaism of Water

It is a very busy holiday season (and that’s without factoring in the three three-day yom tovs).

I have always felt that Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur and Sukkot create a three-week Jewish new year’s celebration. On Rosh Hashanah, we begin a new year declaring how great we know we can be. We don’t repent or list sins. We boldly sound the shofar as a coronation of God’s Kingship and a declaration for what we are capable of, while recounting the patriarchal and Sinaitic covenants.

We then work to repair our mistakes and eliminate the sins that might get in the way of fulfilling our potential during the Ten Days of Repentance and Yom Kippur. Finally, two weeks into the new year, we celebrate over Sukkot. Sukkot is a chance to put our grand plan for the new year into practice with its myriad observances, rituals, and religious celebrations. We also keep things in perspective by reading Kohelet on Shabbat Chol Hamoed with its reminders that life isn’t one big party.

Rabbi Shlomo Yosef Zevin (La’Torah U’Lamoadim, V’Zot Haberacha) notes that Yom Kippur and Sukkot present two different models of Jewish living: fire and water.

On Yom Kippur, there is a lot of focus on fire. We read about the mizbeiach (altar) and all the sacrifices that were burned on it. The Kohein Gadol (High Priest) would bring fiery coals into the Kodesh Hakodashim (Holy of Holies). Sukkot, on the other hand, is a festival of water. There is the unique nisuch hamayim ceremony where water was drawn and poured out. The arba minim (four species) are all dependent on water, and the aravah (willow) specifically must grow by the water. Sukkot is the holiday where the rainfall for the year is set, and we start praying for rain at the end of the holiday on Shemini Atzeret.

Rav Zevin says fire is the Judaism of Yom Kippur, and water is the Judaism of Sukkot.

On Yom Kippur, we try to elevate our religious lives and experience a more sanctified existence. We forego physical pleasures. We spend the entire day in shul, within sacred space. We try to purify ourselves “lifnei Hashem,” standing before God, more angel than human. We try to transcend the earthly plane and rise the way fire burns upwards.

Sukkot is very different. On Sukkot, we bring holiness down into our daily lives. We leave our homes – not to go to shul but to the Sukkah. The mitzvah of dwelling in the Sukkah takes eating, sleeping, and just hanging out and creates an exalted religious experience. We take ordinary agricultural objects and turn them into the mitzvah of the Four Species full of symbolism and spiritual significance. Just as water drips or flows down, we bring kedushah down into our everyday lives.

Yom Kippur and Sukkot are opposites – fire and water. They provide two models of Judaism, The Judaism of striving upwards towards holiness through extraordinary means, and the Judaism of bringing religion into the nitty gritty of daily living.

Since October 7, we have seen many examples of both types of Judaism.

We have seen the sacrifice of so many who have given of themselves – and sometimes given their lives. The heroes who inspire us by their bravery, their resilience, or their sacrifice. There is a fiery religiosity on the battlefield. Rabbi Yosef Zvi Rimon noted that there have never been so many sefarim, Torah books, brought to the battlefield by soldiers who study every chance they get. There have never been as many soldiers declaring “Sehma Yisrael!” and other prayers before heading into combat. This is the fiery Judaism of striving mightily to rise higher and sanctify impossible conditions.

We have also seen ordinary people who inspire us with simple, heroic actions. We have seen goodness and kindness “trickle down” from the losses and horrors so many have endured.

Alon Mesika’s 23-year-old son, Adir, was murdered at the Nova festival along with most of his best friends. Adir was an avid surfer and traveler in the process of starting his own jewelry business, following in the footsteps of his father, a jeweler himself. He died trying to fight back and protect his girlfriend, Yuli, who ultimately survived. After sitting shiva, Alon told himself that he needed to stay busy. Coincidentally, he heard from one of Adir’s friends that there was a soldier hoping to propose who was looking for a ring. Alon invited him to the Diamond Exchange to pick up a diamond ring. He wanted to do more. He put out a Facebook message offering an engagement ring to the next soldier who comes out of Gaza and is about to get engaged. Within minutes, he got a response, and then another. As of May, he had given away 84 diamond engagement rings to soldiers!

Alon said, “Hamas is destroying houses and I am building them.” Transforming tragedy into a chesed opportunity is an example of bringing kedushah down.

Sukkot is Zman Simchateinu, a time to rejoice. Even in difficult times, we should celebrate the opportunities we have as Jews to rise up and improve our lives and the lives of those around us. We should also rejoice in the ordinary opportunities that allow holiness to flow down into our everyday lives.

Praying with Sinners

How do we relate to Jews with whom we vehemently disagree? What happens when Jews engage in despicable behavior? Are they still part of the community? Do we welcome them to Shul? How about those Neturei Karta scoundrels, who show up to protest Israel and support Iran? Or maybe you saw the images of Chabad students putting tefillin on a pro-Hamas protestor on October 7.

On the one hand, the Talmud (Sanhedrin 44a) teaches: “Af al pi she-chata Yisrael hu - Though a Jew may sin, a Jew he remains.” On the other hand, Jews supporting our enemies is a violation of basic loyalty to the Jewish people.

As infuriating as some Jews are, once a year, everyone is welcome. Before we begin Kol Nidrei, we declare: “Anu matirin l’hitpaleil im ha-avaraynim – We have permission to pray with the transgressors among us.”

What does this expression mean? Where does it come from? What does it teach us?

Inviting the sinner to pray is based on a teaching of Rabbi Shimon Chasida in Keritot (6b) that the prayers of a public fast day require the participation of “posh’ei Yisrael,” the sinners of Israel. The source for such inclusion is the spice called chelbanah, galbanum, which was an ingredient in the ketoret, incense. It had a terrible scent, but it was included – and essential – to the mix. So, too, the participation of sinners is critical in creating community in times of grave importance.

On Yom Kippur, every single confession is in the plural. We acknowledge that there are sins in our community even though we did not commit them, and there are sinners in the community. We begin Yom Kippur aspiring for achdut, unity.

There has been a lot of talk about Jewish unity. For most of 2023, there was a lack of unity as Israel was roiled by the dispute around reforming the judicial system. For the last 12 months, since October 7, the pendulum shifted towards more unity as Jews around the world came together to fight our common enemies. The expression “Yachad nenatzeiach – Together, we will be victorious!” was everywhere, and it seemed to be working. Most recently, it seems like we have reverted to old habits of disagreements. Unity isn’t easy.

Even our enemies understand the power and fragility of Jewish unity.

Sapir Cohen endured 55 days of brutal Hamas captivity before being released on November 30. Her partner, Alex (Sasha) Trufanov, remains held by the Palestinian Islamic Jihad. Sapir shared a gripping account of her experience in an interview with Israel Hayom, including how she actually spoke with Yahya Sinwar. She recounted an exchange with one of her captors:

"During my captivity, one of my captors called me to watch Al-Jazeera when they were showing footage of the Hostages Square. I saw tens of thousands of Israelis united in purpose, and it filled me with hope. The captor smiled, interlocked his fingers into two fists, and said, 'When all the Jews are like this, it's strong, strong, strong. We'll wait a bit, there will be chaos among you.' It was then that I understood they are acutely aware of our vulnerabilities and know that our greatest threat comes from within.”

Even Hamas recognizes we are stronger together. Sapir continued:

"This is why we don't need to share the same opinions, but rather respect each other, practice tolerance, and remember that we're all one family. We cannot afford to be indifferent to human life, and we must do everything in our power to bring back Sasha and the remaining hostages. We can't allow them to be out of sight and out of mind. If we choose the wrong path, we risk facing even greater tragedies. While there's talk of dismantling Hamas, we seem to be moving towards dismantling the unity of Israel itself."

“Anu matirin l’hitpaleil im ha-avaraynim – We have permission to pray with the transgressors among us.”

This Yom Kippur, the Tzohar organization is Israel, is emphasizing and promoting Jewish unity. They are arranging for hundreds of services throughout Israel that are open to Jews of all backgrounds and levels of observance. They are encouraging all Jews to add prayers for the unity of the Jewish people before Kol Nidrei and before Neilah. You can learn more about the effort and see the prayers HERE.

We know that Jews are a fractious, diverse people. At the same time, what better time than Yom Kippur to hope, pray, and aspire that there is still much more than unites almost all of us than divides us. Rabbi Jonathan Sacks said:

“Everything about Yom Kippur teaches us the absolute indivisible unity of the Jewish people. On the holiest day of the year, on the holiest spot on earth, the holiest man among the people – the High Priest – would do what? He would atone for himself, and then for his family, and then for the entire congregation of Israel. There were absolutely no divisions. The most righteous still needed to be forgiven. And the least righteous still were able to be forgiven. On Yom Kippur there is complete equality between Jews and complete unity between Jews.”

It is true, but what can we do to make it true?

We can commit to Jewish unity and do our best to act in ways that bring Jews together in united purpose. This Yom Kippur, we can also daven for more Jewish unity. Here is a prayer for unity composed by Rabbi Yosef Zvi Rimon:

“May God who blessed our ancestors, bless and watch over each and every one of the people of Israel. May God instill in our hearts the goodwill to see everything with a kind eye, great love for each and every one from Israel, and may we be granted powerful unity and complete redemption speedily in our days. And let us say: Amen.”

This Yom Kippur, as we take steps to make ourselves and our relationship with God and others better, let’s not give up on that elusive superpower called achdut. Jewish unity might be something beyond our reach, but that doesn’t mean we stop trying.

Thoughts this October 7

I am certain that your inbox, like mine, is filled with emails containing the subject “Remembering October 7.”

It is important to stand up today to declare that October 7, 2023, was the day Hamas slaughtered and kidnapped innocents in Israel while simultaneously launching an assault on free people everywhere.

While we commemorate today, I feel it is impossible to memorialize something that is still ongoing. The battle rages on, thousands of Israelis are displaced, and the hostages have not been freed. For thousands of individuals, October 7 is a specific date that devastated them and their families. For all of us, it changed us and continues to change us. Today is a day to recognize how we have changed and how those changes have changed us.

There have been hurtful and painful changes.

Our faith in the State of Israel to protect its citizens was shaken on October 7. In America, we have learned the truth about some of our supposed friends. We have seen a rise in Jew-hatred and Israel-bashing. The voices opposing us are getting louder while interest in the truth about Israel’s war against Hamas, Hezbollah, the Houthis, and Iran is hardly mentioned by the mainstream media.

There have also been encouraging changes.

We have witnessed the inspiring heroism of the IDF and the courage of their families. There have been countless tales of valor, final letters of fallen soldiers, and the brave faces shown by the bereaved relatives at military funerals. We have seen the unbelievable resilience of Israeli society as an entire country mobilized to help in ways large and small. We, too, answered the call and responded with generosity, attended rallies, offer prayers, and loudly speak up for Israel and the hostages wherever we can.

Today on October 7, we are grieving, remembering the fallen, reading the reflections, and attending solidarity gatherings. Let’s also be inspired and rededicate ourselves to the steps forward taken during this past year, the inspiration, the growth, and all the goodness.

Today, I know of a number of Torah dedications taking place to commemorate October 7. I think that is such an appropriate and meaningful way to mark this day. Regardless of how religious or secular you are (or think you are), Torah represents the eternity of the Jewish people. On a day which defies easy commemoration, dedicating a Torah scroll – even if you won’t be attending such an event in person - captures everything we hope to remember, grieve, honor, celebrate, fight against, and rededicate ourselves to today.

Today marks the completion of one year since last October 7, but it does not represent the closing of a circle. I shared this story on Rosh Hashanah:

A group of IDF soldiers in the field welcomed a new Torah. It was very moving, with all the soldiers dancing and singing the popular, joyous songs.

Suddenly in the middle of the dancing, a religious soldier got up and said, “I am very moved and excited. I feel that this dancing with the Torah now is closure for me. On Simchat Torah I was forced to stop in the middle of the Hakafot to go out to battle. Now, I am able to close that loop by continuing to dance with the Torah!”

A non-religious soldier suddenly got up and said, “There is no closure here!”

 

A very uncomfortable feeling swept over the group of soldiers. The non-religious soldier continued, “I am not a religious person. I don’t go to shul. In my entire life, I never experienced a Simchat Torah. On Simchat Torah you danced with the Torah and in the middle of Hakafot you left for battle. But I never danced. I never began the Hakafot. Now, we are all dancing together. There is no closure, no closing of a loop here, but rather it is a beginning, opening a new circle now!”

Today, the one-year anniversary of October 7, is a painful day, but it is not, by any means, the closing of the circle. Israel and the Jewish people continue to fight our enemies, and we need to redouble our efforts to help. Here are five ways to support Israel that we have promoted for the past year:

• Stay informed.
• Visit Israel! Stay connected with family and friends in Israel.
• Free them now! Keep the names and stories of the hostages front and center.
• Give generously. Support the JCAB Israel Emergency Fund or other charities.
• Pray. 

Earlier today, I received a text from a Jewish communal professional who was part of my first mission to Israel after 10/7. It powerfully captures what I feel is the essential message for today:

"Thinking of all of you. Am Yisrael Chai. From victims to heroes. Onward…"